Geomagnetic storms disrupt space navigation systems such as satellite with rapid and large changes in particle flux. To study the effects of cosmic rays and calculate the rate of faults and errors and provide a suitable shield against them, we need to know the energetic particles flux. In the present work, we have obtained protons flux and energy range by simulating in different solar cycles and in 4 major solar flare events. In the first step of the proton flux simulation, we have used OMEREH. software; We have then compared the obtained data from the simulation with the experimental data from AMS collaboration and they were in a good agreement with each other. In the next step, first we have determined satellite’ s coordinates and properties using OMEREH; then we have calculated the flux of energetic protons that collide to a typical satellite in Leo orbit at the time of flares occurrence. The number of solar events increases in solar maximum. Therefore, these analyses should be done carefully and the design should be more significant in long-term space missions.

Chromosphere is the second layer of the Sun with high variability. The increase of the temperature and the decrease of the density are observed in this layer. This unusual behavior is one of the most important problems in the solar corona. Between the solar chromosphere and the corona, there is a thin transition zone in which the temperature rises very rapidly. Magnetohydrodynamic waves are thought to play an important role in this heating. The dissipation of Alfven waves has been investigated due to phase mixing in the presence of steady flow and sheared magnetic field in a solar stratified flux tube. The temperature variations with height (T0(z)) in the flux tube has been considered. The numerical calculations showed that the amplitude of the tube oscillations decreases with time. Hence, the wave damping takes place in the flux tubes. The temperature and the density variations enhances the wave damping rate compared to the case without temperature effect.

A solar flare is a sudden flash that occurs near the solar surface. Thisresults in the emission of an extensive range of energy from the surface of the Sun.These giant explosions generally contain X-rays and energy that tend to travel in alldirections at the speed of light. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are types of explosionsthat occur on the solar surface. A CMEs releases a large amount of plasma and magneticfield. Our main goal in this research is to prove that the reason for the release of chargedparticles, protons, electrons and X-ray radiation, followed by the release of solar winds,is the occurrence of flares and CMEs. The occurrence of this phenomenon is relatedto other phenomena, such as the magnetic field of the Sun’s surface, the cycle of theSun’s activity, sunspots, the emission of charged particles of electrons and protonsfrom the solar corona, the rate of occurrence of CMEs from the corona, the averageand maximum speed of CME and X-ray radiation in the category Class X, which is thehighest energy category for X-ray radiation, is directly and closely related.

A parabolic dish solar collector system is one of the main types of concentrated solar power systems that are based on point focusing and is more beneficial than the other kinds of concentrated solar power systems. Most of the literature concerning concentrated solar power systems focused on thermal losses and their relationship to the receivers with different geometries. A few former researches have investigated the impacts of the real solar flux distribution on the receivers' absorber surface in parabolic dish solar collector systems. The inaccuracy level appertaining to the isothermal assumption is more than that of a receiver’, s walls with constant heat flux, simply due to heat transfer fluid running through the receiver. On the other hand, the constant heat flux approach cannot be so accurate due to the non-uniform distribution of solar heat flux at receiver's internal walls. The current paper investigates the usage of a two-phase nanofluid in a baffled parabolic dish solar collector under a non-uniform distribution of solar heat flux. The geometrical parameters of the collector are analyzed in this work,for this purpose, the SIMPLEC algorithm and Finite Volume Method are employed. The heat transfer fluid is based on water/Al2O3 two-phase nanofluid. The most expected average Nusselt number is achieved at Re = 15, 000 in June. In the next section, the effects of different Reynolds numbers and months on the predicted average Nusselt numbers will be investigated in detail. Finally, the PDSC with Z = 70 mm and F = 600 mm filled with nanofluid at 􀀁,= 4% and dnp = 20 nm is introduced as the most efficient model in the present investigation.

The mean daily global solar radiation flux is influenced by astronomical, climatological, geographical, geometrical, meteorological, and physical parameters. This paper deals with the study of the effects of influencing parameters on the mean daily global solar radiation flux, and also with the computation of the solar radiation flux at the surface of the earth in locations without solar radiation measurements. The reference–real data were borrowed from the Iranian Meteorological Organization. The analysis of data showed that the mean daily solar radiation flux on a horizontal surface is related to parameters such as: mean daily extraterrestrial solar radiation, average daily ratio of sunshine duration, mean daily relative humidity, mean daily maximum air temperature, mean daily maximum dew point temperature, mean daily atmospheric pressure, and sine of the solar declination angle. Multiple regression and correlation analysis were applied to predict the mean daily global solar radiation flux on a horizontal surface. The models were validated when compared with the reference–measured data of global solar radiation flux. The results showed that the models estimate the global solar radiation flux within a narrow relative error band. The values of mean bias errors and root mean square errors were within acceptable margins. The predicted values of global solar radiation flux by this approach can be used for the design and performance estimation in solar applications. The model can be used in areas where meteorological stations do not exist and information on solar radiation flux cannot be obtained experimentally.

Resolver, as an electromagnetic sensor, is widely used in many industrial applications. It can detect the position of the rotary part of the electric machines precisely. In commercial resolvers, the excitation winding is connected to the high frequency (HF) AC source. The amplitude-modulated voltages induced in the signal windings need to be demodulated in order to calculate the envelope of the output signals and accordingly detect the position. On the other hand, in PM-resolver, signal windings replaced by Hall-effect sensors to measure the DC magnetic flux which is produced by permanent magnets. In this study, the performance of both AC and DC flux resolvers is investigated under different circumstances. All the simulations are done by the time-stepping finite element method (TSFEM).

Dyes belong to organic compound families with complex structure due to their toxicity, carcinogenic and lack of biodegradability properties' are considered as a serious environmental pollutant. The objective of this paper is to investigate decolorization of Reactive Blue 19 from contaminated water by potassium peroxydisulfate and solar light in the presence of solar parabolic concentrator. Solar irradiation intensity will be increased. In this case radiation after reflecting will be concentrated on the focal path of collector. The more light intensity, the more enhancement production of sulfate radical from persulfate would be. In this study evaluation of effective parameter has been investigated. Regards to the results from homogenous photo-oxidation in presence of solar concentrator has been introduced and considered as a superior option for removal of dyes from textile' industry wastewater. Using this collector dramatically increase the performance of advanced oxidation processes respects 98% of RB19 has been mineralized during 60 min in optimal condition.

In this paper, a thermodynamic modeling and a comprehensive performance analysis of a real integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) power plant are performed. The performance of the plant cycle is assessed in an off-design condition and in two operation modes of power-boosting and of fuel-saving. Such an approach has not been considered for an ISCC plant in previous studies. Yazd ISCC, as a case study, consists of parabolic collectors which are connected to a combined cycle section. The presented simulation results cover different times of the day and the twelve months of the year. According to these results, in the power-boosting mode, the steam production of the fossil section is reduced by 12 kg/s from 6: 00 AM to 3: 00 PM on the design day while the solar steam increases by 36 kg/s. By stabilizing the oil temperature on 392°, C, the control philosophy of the starting of steam production in the solar field is also discussed. In the fuel-saving mode, if the solar field is in service, the fuel consumption of the auxiliary burners is reduced by 28, 000 kg on the design day. The results of this paper indicate that the power output of ISCCs is more stable than the conventional combined cycles on the hot days of the year.